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Armorica or Aremorica (Breton: Arvorig, [arˈvoːrik]) is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul between the Seine and the Loire that includes the BrittanyPeninsula, extending inland to an indeterminate point and down the Atlantic Coast.^[1] The toponym is based on the Gaulish phrase are-mori 'on/at [the] sea', made into the Gaulish place name Aremorica (*are-mor-ika) 'Place by the Sea' ('Ar y Mor' has the same meaning in modern Welsh). The suffix -ika was first used to create adjectival forms and then names (see regions such as Pays d'Ouche from Utica and Perche from Pertica). The original designation was vague, including a large part of what became Normandy in the 10th century and, in some interpretations, the whole of the coast down to the Garonne. Later, the term became restricted to Brittany.

In Breton, which belongs to the Brythonic branch of the Insular Celtic languages, along with Welsh and Cornish, 'on [the] sea' is war vor (Welsh ar fôr, 'f' being voiced and pronounced like English 'v'), but the older form arvor is used to refer to the coastal regions of Brittany, in contrast to argoad (ar 'on/at', coad 'forest' [Welsh ar goed or coed 'trees']) for the inland regions.^[2] The cognate modern usages suggest that the Romans first contacted coastal people in the inland region and assumed that the regional name Aremorica referred to the whole area, both coastal and inland.

History[edit]

Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (4.17.105), claims that Armorica was the older name for Aquitania and states Armorica's southern boundary extended to the Pyrenees. Taking into account the Gaulish origin of the name, that is perfectly correct and logical, as Aremorica is not a country name but a word that describes a type of geographical region, one that is by the sea. Pliny lists the following Celtic tribes as living in the area: the Aedui and Carnuteni as having treaties with Rome; the Meldi and Secusiani as having some measure of independence; and the Boii, Senones, Aulerci (both the Eburovices and Cenomani), the Parisii, Tricasses, Andicavi, Viducasses, Bodiocasses, Veneti, Coriosvelites, Diablinti, Rhedones, Turones, and the Atseui.

Trade between Armorica and Britain, described by Diodorus Siculus and implied by Pliny^[3] was long-established. Because, even after the campaign of Publius Crassus in 56 BC, continued resistance to Roman rule in Armorica was still being supported by Celtic aristocrats in Britain. Julius Caesar led two invasions of Britain in 55 and 54 in response. Some hint of the complicated cultural web that bound Armorica and the Britanniae (the 'Britains' of Pliny) is given by Caesar when he describes Diviciacus of the Suessiones as 'the most powerful ruler in the whole of Gaul, who had control not only over a large area of this region but also of Britain'^[4] Archaeological sites along the south coast of England, notably at Hengistbury Head, show connections with Armorica as far east as the Solent. This 'prehistoric' connection of Cornwall and Brittany set the stage for the link that continued into the medieval era. Still farther East, however, the typical Continental connections of the Britannic coast were with the lower Seine valley instead.

Archaeology has not yet been as enlightening in Iron-Age Armorica as the coinage, which has been surveyed by Philip de Jersey.^[5]

Under the Roman Empire, Armorica was administered as part of the province of Gallia Lugdunensis, which had its capital in Lugdunum, (modern day Lyon). When the Roman provinces were reorganized in the 4th century, Armorica (Tractus Armoricanus et Nervicanus) was placed under the second and third divisions of Lugdunensis. After the legions retreated from Britannia (407) the local elite there expelled the civilian magistrates in the following year; Armorica too rebelled in the 430s and again in the 440s, throwing out the ruling officials, as the Romano-Britons had done. At the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains in 451 a Roman coalition led by General Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic King Theodoric I clashed violently with the Hunnic alliance commanded by King Attila the Hun. Jordanes lists Aëtius' allies as including Armoricans and other Celtic or German tribes (Getica 36.191).

The 'Armorican' peninsula came to be settled with Britons from Britain during the poorly documented period of the 5th–7th centuries.^[6] Even in distant Byzantium Procopius heard tales of migrations to the Frankish mainland from the island, largely legendary for him, of Brittia.^[7] These settlers, whether refugees or not, made the presence felt of their coherent groups in the naming of the westernmost, Atlantic-facing provinces of Armorica, Cornouaille ('Cornwall') and Domnonea ('Devon').^[8] These settlements are associated with leaders like Saints Samson of Dol and Pol Aurelian, among the 'founder saints' of Brittany.

The linguistic origins of Breton are clear: it is a Brythonic language descended from the CelticBritish language, like Welsh and Cornish one of the Insular Celtic languages, brought by these migrating Britons. Still, questions of the relations between the Celtic cultures of Britain— Cornish and Welsh—and Celtic Breton are far from settled. Martin Henig (2003) suggests that in Armorica as in sub-Roman Britain:

There was a fair amount of creation of identity in the migration period. We know that the mixed, but largely British and Frankish population of Kent repackaged themselves as 'Jutes', and the largely British populations in the lands east of Dumnonia (Devon and Cornwall) seem to have ended up as 'West Saxons'. In western Armorica, the small élite which managed to impose an identity on the population happened to be British rather than 'Gallo-Roman' in origin, so they became Bretons. The process may have been essentially the same.'^[9]

According to C.E.V. Nixon, the collapse of Roman power and the depredations of the Visigoths led Armorica to act 'like a magnet to peasants, coloni, slaves and the hard-pressed' who deserted other Roman territories, further weakening them.^[10]

Vikings settled in the Cotentin peninsula and the lower Seine around Rouen in the ninth and early tenth centuries and, as these regions came to be known as Normandy, the name Armorica fell out of use in the area. With western Armorica having already evolved into Brittany, the east was recast from a Frankish viewpoint as the Breton March under a Frankish marquis.

In popular culture[edit]

The home village of the fictional comic-book hero Asterix was located in Armorica during the Roman Republic; there, 'indomitable Gauls' hold out against Rome. The unnamed village was reported as having been discovered by archaeologists in a spoof article in the British The Independent newspaper on April Fool's Day in 1993.^[11]

Footnotes[edit]

1. ^Merriam-Webster Dictionary, s.v. 'Aremorica'; The Free Dictionary, s.v. 'Aremorica'.
2. ^The Irish form is ar mhuir, the Manx is er vooir and the Scottish form air mhuir. However, in those languages, the phrase means 'on the sea', as opposed to ar thír or ar thalamh/ar thalúin (er heer/er haloo, air thìr/air thalamh) 'on the land'.
3. ^History Compass : HomeArchived April 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
4. ^Caesar, De Bello Gallico ii.4.
5. ^'Coinage in Iron Age Armorica', Studies in Celtic Coinage, 2 (1994)
6. ^Leon Fleuriot's primarily linguistic researches in Les Origines de la Bretagne, emphasizes instead the broader influx of Britons into Roman Gaul that preceded the fifth-century collapse of Roman power.
7. ^Procopius, in History of the Wars, viii, 20, 6-14.
8. ^K. Jackson, Language and History in Early Britain Edinburgh, 1953:14f.
9. ^Martin Henig, British Archaeology, 2003, review of The British Settlement of Brittany by Pierre-Roland Giot, Philippe Guigon & Bernard Merdrignac
10. ^C.E.V. Nixon, 'Relations Between Visigoths and Romans in Fifth Century Gaul', in John Drinkwater, Hugh Elton (eds) Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 69
11. ^Keys, David (1 April 1993). 'Asterix's home village is uncovered in France: Archaeological dig reveals fortified Iron Age settlement on 10-acre site'. The Independent. Retrieved 17 April 2015.

See also[edit]

External links[edit]

Coordinates: 48°10′00″N1°00′00″W / 48.1667°N 1.0000°W

Dictionary: POKE – POLE-DA-VY

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POKE, v.t.¹ [Corn. pokkia, to thrust or push. In Armoric, pochan is one that dives or plunges.]

1. Properly, to thrust; hence to feel or search for with a long instrument. – Brown.
2. To thrust at with the horns, as an ox; a popular use of the word in New England. And intransitively, to poke at, is to thrust the horns at.

POKE, v.t.²

To put a poke on; as, to poke an ox. – New England.

POK-ER, n.¹ [from poke.]

An iron bar used in stirring the fire when coal is used for fuel. Swift.

POK-ER, n.² [Dan. pokker, the duse; W. pwca, a hobgoblin; bwg, id.; bwgan, a bugbear; bw, terror, fright. These words seem to be allied to buw, buwc, an ox or cow, L. bos, bovis, and all perhaps from the bellowing of bulls.]

Any frightful object, especially in the dark; a bugbear; a word in common popular use in America.

POK-ING, a.

Drudging; servile. [Colloquial.] – Gray.

POK-ING, ppr.

Feeling in the dark; stirring with a poker; thrusting at with the horns; putting a poke on.

POK-ING-STICK, n.

An instrument formerly used in adjusting the plaits of ruffs then worn. – Middleton. Shak.

PO-LAC'CA, n.

A three-masted vessel in the Mediterranean.

PO-LA'CRE, n. [Sp. id.; Port. polaca, polhacra; Fr. polacre, polaque.]

A vessel with three masts, used in the Mediterranean. The masts are usually of one piece, so that they have neither tops, caps nor cross-trees, nor horses to their upper yards. Mar. Dict. Encyc.

PO'LAR, a. [Fr. polaire; It. polare; Sp. polar. See Pole.]

1. Pertaining to the poles of the earth, north and south, or to the poles of artificial globes; situated near one of the poles; as, polar regions; polar seas; polar ice or climates.
2. Proceeding from one of the regions near the poles; as, polar winds.
3. Pertaining to the magnetic pole, or to the point to which the magnetic needle is directed.

PO'LAR-CHY, n. [Gr. πολυς and αρχη.]

Government by a number of persons.

PO'LAR-I-SCOPE, n. [polar, pole, and Gr. σκοπεω, to view.]

An instrument for ascertaining the polarity of bodies or substances. – Arago.

Armoric Poker Strategy

PO-LAR'I-TY, n.

That quality of a body in virtue of which peculiar properties reside in certain points; usually, as in electrified or magnetized bodies, properties of attraction Or repulsion, or the power of taking a certain direction. Thus we speak of the polarity of the magnet or magnetic needle, whose pole is not always that of the earth, but a point somewhat easterly or westerly; and the deviation of the needle from a north and south line is called its variation. A mineral is said to possess polarity, when it attracts one pole of a magnetic needle and repels the other.

PO-LAR-I-ZA'TION, n.

The act of giving polarity to a body. Polarization of light, a change produced upon light by the action of certain Media, by which it exhibits the appearance of having polarity, or poles possessing different properties. This property of light was first discovered by Huygens in his investigation of the cause of double refraction, as seen in the Iceland crystal. The attention of opticians was more particularly directed toward it by the discoveries of Malus, 1810. The knowledge of this singular property of light, has afforded an explanation of several very intricate phenomena in optics.

PO'LAR-IZ-ED, pp.

Having polarity communicated to.

PO'LAR-Y, a. [See Polar.]

Tending to a pole; having a direction to a pole. – Brown.

POLE, n.¹ [Sax. pol, pal; G. pfahl; D. paal; Sw. påle; Dan. pæl; W. pawl; L. palus. See Pale.]

1. A long slender piece of wood, or the stem of a small tree deprived of its branches. Thus seamen use poles for setting or driving boats in shallow water; the stems of small trees are used for hoops and called hoop-poles; the sterns of small, but tall straight trees, are used as poles for supporting the scaffolding in building.
2. A rod; a perch; a measure of length of five yards and a half. [In New England, rod is generally used.]
3. An instrument for measuring. – Bacon. Bare poles. A ship is under bare poles, when her sails are all furled. – Mar. Dict.

Armoric Poker Player

POLE, n.² [Fr. pole; It. and Sp. polo; G. Dan. and Sw. pol; D. pool; L. polus; Gr. πολος, from πολεω, to turn.]

1. In astronomy, one of the extremities of the axis on which the sphere revolves. These two points are called the poles of the world.
2. In spherics, a point equally distant from every part of the circumference of a great circle of the sphere; or it is a point 90º distant from the plane of a circle, and in a line passing perpendicularly through the center, called the axis. Thus the zenith and nadir are the poles of the horizon.
3. In geography, the extremity of the earth's axis, or one of the points on the surface of our globe through which the axis passes.
4. The star which is vertical to the pole of the earth; the pole-star. Poles of the ecliptic, are two points on the surface of the sphere, 23º 30' distant from the poles of the world. Magnetic poles, two points in a lodestone corresponding to the poles of the world; the one pointing to the north, the other to the south.

POLE, v.t.

1. To furnish with poles for support; as, to pole beans.
2. To bear or convey on poles; as, to pole hay into a barn.
3. To impel by poles, as a boat; to push forward by the use of poles.

POLE-AX, n.

An ax fixed to a pole or handle; or rather a sort of hatchet with a handle about fifteen inches in length, and a point or claw bending downward from the back of its head. It is principally used in actions at sea, to cut away the rigging of the enemy attempting to board; sometimes it is thrust into the side of a ship to assist in mounting the enemy's ship, and it is sometimes called a boarding-ax. – Mar. Dict. Encyc.

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POLE-CAT, n. [Fr. poule, a hen, and chat, a cat, i. e. hen-cat, because it feeds on poultry, eggs, &c.]

The popular name of two digitigrade carnivorous mammals, the Putorius vulgaris, and the Putorius alpinus. These are small quadrupeds of Europe, nearly allied to the weasel. They have small glands secreting a fetid liquor somewhat like that of the American skunk. The fitchew or fitchet.

POLE-DA-VY, n.

A sort of coarse cloth. – Ainsworth.